Definition of Speaking Skill (Skripsi Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris Gratis)
Thursday, 13 June 2013
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Speaking Skill
A.
Definition of
Speaking
Tarigan (1990:3-4) defines that speaking is a language
skill that is developed in child life, which is produced by listening skill,
and at that period speaking skill is learned.
Based on Competence Based Curriculum speaking is one
of the four basic competences that the students should gain well. It has an
important role in communication. Speaking can find in spoken cycle especially
in Joint Construction of Text stage (Departmen Pendidikan Nasional, 2004). In
carrying out speaking, students face some difficulties one of them is about
language its self. In fact, most of students get difficulties to speak even
though they have a lot of vocabularies and have written them well. The problems
are afraid for students to make mistakes.
Speaking is the productive skill. It could not be
separated from listening. When we speak we produce the text and it should be
meaningful. In the nature of communication, we can find the speaker, the
listener, the message and the feedback. Speaking could not be separated from
pronunciation as it encourages learners to learn the English sounds.
Harmer, (in Tarigan, 1990: 12) writes that when
teaching speaking or producing skill, we can apply three major stages, those
are:
1)
Introducing new language
2)
Practice
3)
Communicative activity.
Speaking has been regarded as merely implementation
and variation, outside the domain of language and linguistic proper. Linguistic
theory has mostly developed in abstraction from context of use and source of
diversity. Therefore, Clark and Clark said that speaking
is fundamentally an instrument act. Speakers talk in order to have some effect
on their listener. It is the result of teaching learning process. Students’
skill in conversation is core aspect in teaching speaking, it becomes vitally
aspect in language teaching learning success if language function as a system
for expression meaning and the successful in
speaking is measured through someone ability to carry out a conversation in the
language. We confess that there are many proponent factors that influence
teaching speaking success and there are many obstacle factors why it is not
running well.
According to Ladouse (1991) speaking is
described as the activity as the ability to express oneself in the situation,
or the activity to report acts, or situation in precise words or the ability to
converse or to express a sequence of ideas fluently. Furthermore, Tarigan (1990: 8) said that “Berbicara adalah cara untuk berkomunikasi yang
berpengaruh hidup kita sehari-hari”. It means that speaking as the way of
communication influences our individual life strongly.
From the explanation above, the researcher concludes
that speaking is what we say to what we see, feel and think. When we feel
something, we want someone can hear us. So, in this process we can call it is
an interaction between two sides.
When someone speak to other person, there will be a
relationship. The relationship itself is communication. Furthermore, Wilson (1983:5) defines
speaking as development of the relationship between speaker and listener. In
addition speaking determining which logical linguistic, psychological a
physical rules should be applied in a given communicate situation”. It means
that the main objective of speaking is for communication. In order to express
effectively, the speaker should know exactly what he/she wants to speak or to
communicate, he/she has to be able to evaluate the effects of his/her
communication to his/her listener, he/she has to understand any principle that
based his speaking either in general or in individual.
Based on the statements above the researcher infers
that if someone speaks, he/she should understand what is he/she about. In this
section, the writer should develop ideas or build some topics to be talked and
to make other responds to what speakers says.
Stern (in Risnadedi, 2001: 56-57) said watch a small
child’s speech development. First he listens, then he speaks, understanding
always produces speaking. Therefore this must be the right order of presenting
the skills in a foreign language. In this learning of language included
speaking, there is an activity of speaker or learner and it has to have an
effect to build speaker’s or learner’s desires and express how his/her feeling
and acting out his/her attitudes through speaking. Thus the learning of
speaking can not be separated from language.
On the other hand, speaking can be called as oral
communication and speaking is one of skills in English learning. This become
one important subject that teacher should given. That is why the teachers have
big challenge to enable their students to master English well, especially
speaking English in class or out of the class.
Wallace (1978:98) stated that oral practice (speaking)
becomes meaningful to students when they have to pay attention what they are saying. Thus, the students can
learn better on how to require the ability to converse or to express their
ideas fluently with precise vocabularies and good or acceptable pronunciation.
Speaking ability is the students’ ability in
expressing their ideas orally which is represented by the scores of speaking.
Speaking is only an oral trail of abilities that it got from structure and
vocabulary, Freeman (in Risnadedi, 2001: 56-57) stated that speaking ability
more complex and difficult than people assume, and speaking study like study
other cases in study of language, naturalize many case to language teachers.
B.
Speaking is
Productive Skill
Speaking is the productive skill. It cannot be
separated from listening. When we speak we produce the text and it should be
meaningful. In the nature of communication, we can find the speaker, the listener,
the message and the feedback.
Speaking cannot be separated from pronunciation as it
encourages learners to learn the English sound.
C. Assessing Speaking
Assessment is an ongoing process that encompasses a
much wider domain. Whenever a student responds to a question, offers a comment,
or tries out a new word or structure, the teacher subconsciously makes an
assessment of students’ performance. Written work-from a jotted down phrase to
a formal essay is performance that ultimately is assessed by self, teacher and
possibly other students (Brown, 2003:4).
Brown (2003:141) states as with all effective tests,
designing appropriate assessment tasks in speaking begins with the
specification of objective or criteria. Those objectives may be classified in
term of several types of speaking performance:
1.
Imitative
At one end of a continuum of types of speaking
performance is the ability to simply parrot back (imitate) a word or phrase or
possibly a sentence. While this is purely phonetic level of oral production, a
number of prosodic, lexical and grammatical properties of language may be
conclude in the criterion performance.
2.
Intensive
A second type of speaking frequently employed in
assessment contexts is the production of short stretches of oral language
designed to demonstrate competence in a narrow band of grammatical, phrasal,
lexical of phonological relationship (such as prosodic element-intonation,
stress, rhythm, juncture). Examples of extensive assessment tasks include
directed response tasks, reading aloud, sentence and dialogue completion
limited picture-cued task including simple sequences and relationship up to the
simple sentence level.
3.
Responsive
Responsive assessment tasks included interaction and
test comprehension but at the somewhat limited level of very short
conversations, standard greetings and a small talk, simple request and comments
and the like.
D. Technique of Teaching Speaking
Harmer (in Tarigan, 1990: 13) writes that when
teaching speaking or producing skill, we can apply three major stage, those
are:
1.
introducing new language
2.
practice
3.
communicative activities.
When introducing new language, the teacher should find
out the genre or the text, which is meaningful. In this stage teacher can ask
students to pronounce the unfamiliar words, find out the meaning of the
expression used in the text.
Other technique used for teaching speaking:
1.
information gap by using pictures
2.
by using photographs
3.
by using song
4.
by using mysterious thing
5.
Educational drama which covers miming, role play, the
empty chair, simulation.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Brown, H. Douglas. 2001. Language
Assessment Principle and Classroom Practice. New York: Longman. Get the Book Here
Departemen Pendidikan Nasional. 2006. Kurikulum Tingkat Satuan Pendidikan (KTSP). Jakarta: Departemen
Pendidikan Nasional. Get the Book Here
Risnadedi, (2001), “Developing
Students` Speaking Ability”. Journal of SMP Negeri 17 Pekan Baru. (7). 56-58. Get the Book Here
Tarigan, H. Guntur. 2008. Berbicara: Sebagai Suatu Keterampilan Berbahasa. Bandung: Angkasa. Get the Book Here
Wallace, D’Arcy-Adrian. 1978. Junior Comprehension 1. England:
Longman. Get the Book Here
Wilson, S. 1983. Living English Structure. London: Longman. Get the Book Here
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Judul: Definition of Speaking Skill (Skripsi Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris Gratis)
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